Abstract: Facing the production goal of ‘grain basically self-sufficiency’ in Shaanxi Province, this paper firstly used the statistical data of county-level units in Shaanxi Province from 2002 to 2017, and divided the research data into three stages:2002-2007, 2007-2012, 2012-2017. Based on ArcGIS spatial classification method to study the spatial pattern and spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of grain production in Northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi. Then it utilized the logarithmic mean Divination decomposition method to study the influencing factors of grain yield changes in different periods, as well as the contribution rate of grain planting area and yield to grain yield increase. The analytical results showed that:The spatial alienation characteristics of grain production in Shaanxi Province are obvious. Expanding the grain planting area in Guanzhong will ease the contradiction between grain security in Shaanxi Province and ecological security in northern Shaanxi and southern Shaanxi. The spatial structure and spatial form adjustment of rural settlements will promote the transformation of cultivated land in Guanzhong area from scattered and fragmented pattern to centralized contiguous conditions pattern under the conditions of agricultural modernization.