Abstract: This paper takes the villages in Bailuyuan area of Xi'an as the research objects, analyzes the social structure derived from this area in different periods since modern times, and reveals the response characteristics of public space under different social structures. By tracing the historical evolution process, this paper summarizes the social structure of Bailuyuan rural areas since modern times, which is characterized by ‘rural self-organization-strong administrative intervention-administrative exit-administrative reintervention’, and its public space has experienced the corresponding response characteristics of ‘prosperity-alienation-weakening-discretization’. The results show that there is a strong correlation between the characteristics of rural public space and the social structure of each period in Bailuyuan area, and its evolution on the time axis is essentially the re-correlation between the new space and the new rural social structure.