Abstract: In the new stage of ecological civilization, governance and ethnic integration, China has clearly put forward new development directions including a new type of urbanization, rural vitalization and the supply side of the reform, so does the poverty alleviation program. There is long-term value to research on the mechanism of poverty alleviation in a higher starting point of national strategic orientation and actual demand. Based on the framework of the territorial spatial planning system, this paper tries to connect the poverty history with the plight of deep poverty, and explores three key paths for optimizing the territorial space of counties. First, impoverished villages under ecological and geological constraints should be relocated step by step with environmental remediation. Second, new agricultural and new economic forms should be guided to optimize human-earth relationship. Third, allocate urban and rural life circles with high quality education and medical care facilities to promote local urbanization. The optimization of ecological, agricultural and urban land use will help to promote poverty alleviation and county sustainable development.