Abstract: Rapid urbanization has led to drastic changes in the population scale structure of towns and villages, affecting the spatial performance of towns (sub-districts). In the context of implementing the rural revitalization strategy, the spatial performance of towns (sub-districts) is an essential consideration for the development quality of towns and villages. It is necessary to clarify the population scale structure and its associated effects, which will help explore the guiding methods for improving the spatial performance of towns (sub-districts). To this end, this paper uses the panel data of four representative towns (sub-districts) in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou, from 2015 to 2020 to quantitatively analyze the impact of population scale structure on the spatial performance of the three dimensions of the economy, environment, and society through the panel data regression model, thus revealing its correlation effects. The study points out that the panel data regression model can objectively analyze the general correlation effect between the spatial performance of towns (sub-districts) and the population scale structure of towns and villages and provide a basis for formulating performance improvement strategies in different dimensions; at the town and sub-districts level, urbanization rate, population density, and primacy have significant positive effects on economic performance. Urbanization rate has no significant adverse effect on environmental performance, while population density has a significant positive effect on social performance. In addition, increasing the scale of the urban population and strengthening the single-center structure can reduce labor production costs and social resources waste, which will help further to improve the performance of towns (sub-districts) space.