Abstract: The formation and development of traditional villages embody centuries of wisdom in the construction of human settlements. With the implementation of the rural revitalization policy, emphasis is placed on enhancing the protection of traditional settlements through the construction of harmonious and beautiful villages, while coordinating ecological conservation with the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. However, the rapid urbanization is posing significant challenges to the traditional settlements of the Tibetan and Qiang ethnic groups in western Sichuan, especially in ecologically fragile areas, including the deterioration of living conditions and the erosion of cultural heritage. Therefore, the exploration of the ecological wisdom and contemporary relevance of traditional settlements has become increasingly urgent and necessary. This study focuses on traditional Tibetan and Qiang settlements in the Zagunao River Basin of Sichuan Province, adopting a 'macro to micro' perspective to analyze the characteristics of ecological wisdom embodied in the mountain and water ecological environment, construction and livelihood patterns, and ethnic organizational structures. The research aims to reveal the rich connotations of environmental wisdom, investigate the relationships among settlements, people, and nature, and explore the contemporary value of this wisdom. The findings offer new insights into China's rural revitalization and regional landscape creation, and also propose innovative approaches to the protection and development of traditional settlements.