Abstract: To address the requirements of modernizing rural governance and achieving high-quality ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin, exploring the revitalization and activation paths of traditional villages in the Yellow River Basin has become a key to realizing regional sustainable development. Based on the symbiosis theory, the GIS kernel density analysis was used to determine five national-level traditional villages in Guyuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as the research area, and the structural equation model (SEM) was adopted to quantitatively analyze the driving mechanism and action path of the revitalization and activation of traditional villages, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to provide a supplementary assessment of the relative importance of each factor. The research results show that: 1) Industrial agglomeration, guaranteeing space, and policy support all have significant positive impacts on revitalization and activation; 2) Resource agglomeration did not exert a significant direct effect on revitalization and activation, but it influenced this process indirectly through industrial agglomeration; 3) Industrial agglomeration plays a mediating role in the impact of resource agglomeration, guaranteeing space, and policy support on revitalization and activation; 4) The order of importance is industrial agglomeration > resource agglomeration > policy support > guaranteeing space. From the perspective of symbiosis theory, this study reveals the underlying mechanism of traditional village revitalization and activation, and provides theoretical support and practical reference for the protection and development of traditional villages in the Yellow River Basin.